Fast parallel [equation] - stable distribution function evaluation and parameter estimation using Open. CL in GPGPUs\(\alpha \)- Stable distributions are a family of probability distributions found to be suitable to model many complex processes and phenomena in several research fields, such as medicine, physics, finance and networking, among others. However, the lack of closed expressions makes their evaluation analytically intractable, and alternative approaches are computationally expensive. Existing numerical programs are not fast enough for certain applications and do not make use of the parallel power of general purpose graphic processing units. In this paper, we develop novel parallel algorithms for the probability density function and cumulative distribution function—including a parallel Gauss–Kronrod quadrature—, quantile function, random number generator and maximum likelihood estimation of \(\alpha \)- stable distributions using Open. CL, achieving significant speedups and precision in all cases. Thanks to the use of Open. The CYMDIST software performs several types of analysis on balanced or unbalanced three-phase, two-phase and single-phase systems that are operated in radial, looped. Economics and econometrics research papers and teaching materials by Christopher A. Sims. SPAstandard, the best in its class. SPA is a powerful analysing tool. The programming that occurs within our software is highly complex but the interface and reports. CL, we also evaluate the results of our library with different GPU architectures. Keywords. Gaussian quadrature \(\alpha \)- Stable distribution Parallel algorithms Numerical algorithms Open. Project Management for Construction: Cost Estimation. Costs. Associated with Constructed Facilities. The costs of a constructed facility. Each of these major cost categories consists of a number. The capital cost for a construction project includes the expenses related to. Land acquisition, including assembly, holding and improvement. Planning and feasibility studies. Architectural and engineering design. Construction, including materials, equipment and labor. Field supervision of construction. Construction financing. Insurance and taxes during construction. Owner's general office overhead. Equipment and furnishings not included in construction. Inspection and testing The operation and maintenance cost in. Land rent, if applicable. Operating staff. Labor and material for maintenance and repairs. Periodic renovations. Insurance and taxes. Financing costs. Owner's other expenses The magnitude of each of these cost. The owner is interested. It is important for design professionals and construction managers to realize. For example, land. From the owner's perspective, it is equally important to estimate the. The large expenditures needed. In most construction budgets, there is an allowance for contingencies or unexpected. This contingency amount may be included within. The. amount of contingency is based on historical experience and the expected difficulty. For example, one construction firm makes. Design development changes. Schedule adjustments. General administration changes (such as wage rates). Differing site conditions for those expected, and. Third party requirements imposed during construction, such as new permits. Contingent amounts not spent for construction can. In this chapter, we shall focus on the estimation of construction cost, with. In Chapter 6, we shall deal. It is at this stage that tradeoffs between operating and capital costs. Example 5- 1: Energy project resource demands[1]The resources demands for three types of major energy projects. Table 5- 1. These projects are: (1) an oil shale project with a capacity of 5. British thermal units per day, or equivalent. For each project, the cost in billions of dollars, the engineering manpower. Table 5- 1. To build several projects of. Consequently, cost estimation often represents an exercise in professional. TABLE 5- 1 Resource Requirements of Some Major. Energy Projects. Oil shale(5. Coal gasification(3. BTU/day)Tar Sands(1. Cost($ billion)2. Basic design(Thousands of hours)8. Detailed engineering(Millions of. Construction(Millions of hours)2. Materials($ billion)1. Source: Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Florham. Park, NJBack to top. Approaches to Cost Estimation. Cost estimating is one of the most. A cost estimate establishes the base line. A cost. estimate at a given stage of project development represents a prediction. According to the American Association of Cost Engineers, cost engineering is. Virtually all cost estimation is performed according to one or some. Production function. In microeconomics, the relationship between the. In construction, the production function may be expressed by the. A production function relates the amount or volume of. For example, the. Q may be derived as a function of various input factors. Thus, for a specified level of output, we may attempt to. The relationship between the size of a building project (expressed in. Several such production. Figure 3- 3 of Chapter 3. Empirical cost inference. Empirical estimation of cost functions. The role of statistical inference is to estimate the best parameter. Usually, this is accomplished. Unit costs for bill of quantities. A unit cost is assigned to each of. The. total cost is the summation of the products of the quantities multiplied by the. The unit cost method is straightforward in principle. The initial step is to break down or. Collectively, these tasks must be. Once these tasks are defined and. The level of detail in decomposing into tasks will vary considerably from. Allocation of joint costs. Allocations of cost from existing accounts. The basic idea in this. Ideally, the allocation of joint costs should. In. many instances, however, a causal relationship between the allocation factor and. For example, in. construction projects, the accounts for basic costs may be classified according. These basic costs may then be. Back to top. 5. 3 Types of Construction Cost Estimates. Construction cost constitutes. However, it is the part of the cost under the control of the construction. The required levels of accuracy of construction cost estimates. Since design decisions made at the beginning stage of a project. Generally. the accuracy of a cost estimate will reflect the information available at the. Construction cost estimates may be viewed from different perspectives because. In spite of the many types of cost. A. construction cost estimate serves one of the three basic functions: design, bid. For establishing the financing of a project, either a design. Design Estimates. For the owner or its designated design. Screening estimates (or order of magnitude estimates). Preliminary estimates (or conceptual estimates). Detailed estimates (or definitive estimates). Engineer's estimates based on plans and specifications For each. Bid Estimates. For the contractor, a bid estimate submitted to the. The direct cost of construction for bid estimates is. Subcontractor quotations. Quantity takeoffs. Construction procedures. Control Estimates. For monitoring the project during. Budget estimate for financing. Budgeted cost after contracting but prior to construction. Estimated cost to completion during the progress of construction. Design Estimates. In the planning and design stages of a project, various. At the very early stage. A preliminary estimate or. The detailed. estimate or definitive estimate is made when the scope of work is. The engineer's estimate is. In preparing these. The costs associated with a facility may be decomposed into a hierarchy of. The level of. detail in decomposing the facility into tasks depends on the type of cost. For conceptual estimates, for example, the level of. As an example, consider the cost estimates for a proposed bridge across a. A screening estimate is made for each of the potential alternatives, such. As the bridge type is. When the detailed design has progressed to a point when the essential details. When the detailed plans and specifications are completed, an. Bid Estimates. The contractor's bid estimates often reflect the desire of. Some contractors have well established cost estimating procedures. Since only the lowest bidder will be the winner of the. Consequently, the. If a general contractor intends to use subcontractors in the construction of. Thus, the general subcontractor will. If all or part of the. For example, the cost of a footing of a certain. However, the. contractor may want to assess the actual cost of construction by considering the. Hence, items such as. Control Estimates. Both the owner and the contractor must adopt some base. For the owner, a budget. Consequently, the detailed estimate is often used as the budget. As the work progresses, the. A revised estimated cost is necessary either because of change. For the contractor, the bid estimate is usually regarded as the budget. The budgeted cost should also be updated periodically to. Example 5- 2: Screening estimate of a grouting seal beneath a landfill. One of the methods of isolating a landfill from groundwater is to. Figure 5- 0. The. Holes are bored at regular intervals throughout the landfill for. A layer of soil at a minimum of 5 ft. The grout liner can be between 4 and 6 feet thick. A typical material would be Portland cement grout pumped under pressure. This grout would then harden into a. Figure 5- 1: Grout Bottom Seal Liner at a Landfill. The work items in this project include (1) drilling exploratory bore holes. The quantities for these two items are. As an approximation, use 3. The number of bore holes in a 5. Hence, the total. The volume of the soil layer for grouting is estimated to be. It is estimated from. Thus, for a 4 ft soil layer. The unit cost for drilling exploratory bore holes. Thus, the total cost of boring will be between (2,8. The unit cost of Portland cement grout pumped into. In. addition to the variation in the unit cost, the total cost of the bottom seal. That is. for a 4 ft layer with 2. The total cost of drilling bore holes. Furthermore, the range of unit cost varies. Alternatively, additional soil tests. Suppose that, in addition to ignoring the. Portland cement. grouting. In this case, the total project cost is estimated to be.
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